The Secrets of Pigments

The Secrets of Pigments
by Mig Jimenez

Many modellers use pigments (coloured powders) and pastels, but they also have a lot of difficulty in knowing how to use them correctly: they remain a bit of an enigma. With this article I will try not only to explain how to use them, but also what they are and where they come from. So let's discover the secrets of pigments.
What are pigments?
Pigments are essentially coloured powder, and are used to produce a full range of colours. We can say pigments are a primary material, like petroleum or coal. Using this powder, manufacturers produce all types of paints and colouring material: enamels, acrylics, pastels, chalks, coloured pencils, oils, etc.
The only thing that you need to add to the powder in order to make a type of paint is an agglutinant. This varies between products: oil is the agglutinant type used for oil paints, whereas Arabic rubber is the type used for pastel chalks; but the powder always stays the same.
Pigment powder is extracted from different minerals, such as magnesium, titanium, zinc, and also from mineral earth.
Are there different quality types?
The quality of a pigment is determined by two factors:
1. The purity of the pigment, which depends on the mineral of origin.
2. How fine the powder is. If the powder is coarse, with small stones or debris, the pigment will be of poor quality. This depends on the factory that produces it.
If you create pigment powder from pastel chalks using sandpaper, you will get a poor quality pigment, because it will already contain the original agglutinant material. For this reason, pigments are not the same as pastel chalk powders.
The origin of the use of pigments in modelling
Powders have been used in modelling for many years. Modellers such as Verlinden first used pastel powders for vehicles in a rudimentary way. This technique is not new, and it has long been used to simulate dust effects. I used to use my mother's make-up powder to create such effects – but the only effect that I achieved was my mother's anger! The next evolution came along, and I discovered pastels chalks. I rubbed the coloured chalk stick with sandpaper and produced dry powder to apply to my models.
But some years ago, I discovered that Japanese modellers used pigment powder. Finally, I decided to manufacture my own coloured pigment for use in modelling.
At present, pigments are a tool new to our hobby. Many modellers use them, and some cannot do without them.
What are the secrets of pigments?
You can go to an art store, and buy a kilo of Magenta colour for 12–16 Euros (c.14-18 US Dollars, at time of writing). But in these stores they only sell basic colours for artists. Modelers need specific colours for their vehicles and planes - and we cannot use yellow or blue to create dust or mud. This means that the secret of using pigments lies not in the properties of the pigment itself, but in mixing them correctly to create the required effect. And this is where the complexity lies too. If the mixture is wrong, the final results will be disastrous.
Always remember, the colour you use is very important, and of course, the pigment should be very finely produced.
What kind of effects can you achieve?
You can achieve a wide variety of effects: dust, mud (fresh or dry), rust, smoke, ash, dirt marks, rain marks – and many more. Your imagination is the limit. Some of the various techniques are illustrated in the image below.
Are the techniques easy?
There are many different techniques when using pigments. Some are very easy, but others are extremely complex. In general, the modeller can obtain very good results quickly. In fact, pigments can replace older techniques of replicating dust and mud, obtaining the same results in much less time. The modeller who wants to work quickly, or who may want to produce good results despite being of little experience, can choose to use pigments. But the expert modeller can also integrate them into his or her select painting techniques.
What are the basic pigment techniques?
There are two types of basic technique:
1. direct use
2. combined use.
In direct use, you can apply pigments directly with a paintbrush to create the following results:

DESERT DUST: The pigment is applied directly to a matt surface. If the surface is glossy, the powder can disappear with time. See below:

SMOKE: use black pigment directly. See below:

RUSTY SURFACES: as seen on exhaust pipes, or a rusty vehicle. See below:

RUSTY TRACK: working directly with rust colours, you can get very good effects on vehicles tracks. See below:

DIRT EFFECTS ON AIRPLANES: using different mixtures of grey and brown, we can create subtle effects on different parts of an airplane. See the two images below:

CITY DUST: the best way to produce the dust of a demolished city is by applying pigments directly.
By combining the pigment with other products, you can duplicate the number of effects, as shown in the list below:
DRY (EUROPEAN) EARTH: when earth is dried on a vehicle, the aspect is different to the one generated by desert dust. You should use a dark brown pigment. It is applied with a paintbrush on the surface and a few drops of turpentine are added. The turpentine helps to fix the powder on the surface. See the three images below:

ASH: by mixing black and white, you can make small heaps of powder under wheels, or wooden/rubber areas. Onc again, add a few drops of Turpentine. See below:

DRY MUD: to create this effect, mix plaster, brown clear pigments, and acrylic resin. Apply the mixture with an old paintbrush. Watch the drying process carefully, because unwanted effects can materialise. Once dry, it is impossible to remove the mud. See the two images below:

FRESH MUD: By mixing a large amount of dark brown pigment and black color, varnish and plaster, you can achieve a very realistic effect. You can also add earth, fine sand or small stones to the mixture. See below:

LARGE RUSTY SURFACES: On large surfaces, the oxide should be very matt, but it also needs to be fixed to the surface. Use alcohol to fix the pigment instead of turpentine.

RAIN MARKS: An easy way to create this effect is to blend pigments with water. This is easier to control than rain marks made with Tamiya Buff.
COLOURED PUTTY: Sometimes colouring putty can produce interesting results. Add the desired pigment directly plus solvent.
COLORED PLASTER: You can create brick buildings with a characteristic reddish colour. You can also make bricks, or stones, mixing different pigments when mixing plaster. The pigment doesn't alter the properties of the plaster mixture .

FIGURE EFFECTS: On the uniforms of the soldiers and crews, the quickest and most effective way to add dry mud and dirt is to blend pigments with turpentine.